摘要:在考研英語(yǔ)中,長(zhǎng)難句是很常見(jiàn)的,很多考研er都會(huì)碰到每個(gè)單詞都認(rèn)識(shí),就是不會(huì)翻譯的情況,今天我們一起給真題中的長(zhǎng)難句做一個(gè)大剖析,
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摘要:在考研英語(yǔ)中,長(zhǎng)難句是很常見(jiàn)的,很多考研er都會(huì)碰到每個(gè)單詞都認(rèn)識(shí),就是不會(huì)翻譯的情況,今天我們一起給真題中的長(zhǎng)難句做一個(gè)大剖析,希望幫助你突破翻譯難關(guān)。
?1.This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.
詞匯突破:cognitive 認(rèn)知的 (后天習(xí)得的)
Intuitive 先天的
和以上這組單詞概念相同的表達(dá)還有:
Nature先天;nurture后天; born ;先天的;made 后天的;innate天生的;Acquired后天習(xí)得;
Determine 決定
Coupled with 相當(dāng)于and,想類(lèi)似的表達(dá)還有along with ; combined with等。
主干識(shí)別:句子的主語(yǔ)是This success和later research ;謂語(yǔ)是led; 賓語(yǔ)是Ericsson; 不定式短語(yǔ)to conclude 做狀語(yǔ);主干結(jié)構(gòu)是:this success and later research led Ericsson to conclude that …
其他成分:在research后面接一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)做后置定語(yǔ),在這個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)中that引導(dǎo)的從句做showing 的賓語(yǔ);在不定式短語(yǔ)中that引導(dǎo)的從句做conclude的賓語(yǔ);more…than結(jié)構(gòu)翻譯為與其說(shuō),不如說(shuō)。
微觀解析:由于主語(yǔ)中的第二個(gè)并列成分比較長(zhǎng),且是用兩個(gè)逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)的,在閱讀的時(shí)候可以跳讀;把This success和動(dòng)詞led先連起來(lái)然后再來(lái)解析其他成分。
譯文賞析:這種成功和后來(lái)表明記憶本身并不是先天決定的研究使愛(ài)立信總結(jié)道,記憶的行為與其說(shuō)是一種先天的行為不如說(shuō)是一種習(xí)得的行為。
?2.It is not obvious how the capacity to visualize objects and to figure out numerical patterns suits one to answer questions that have eluded some of the best poets and philosophers.
詞匯突破:visualize 想象
Figure out 發(fā)現(xiàn)和找出
Suits 使…適合
主干識(shí)別:句子主語(yǔ)是由how引導(dǎo)的一個(gè)主語(yǔ)從句,it是句子的形式主語(yǔ);句子主干為: How …is not obvious.
在主語(yǔ)從句中主語(yǔ)是capacity,謂語(yǔ)是suits 賓語(yǔ)是one ;
其他成分:狀語(yǔ)為to answer…主語(yǔ)后加上兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞不定式做后置定語(yǔ); 動(dòng)詞不定式中的賓語(yǔ)questions后面接一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。
難點(diǎn)揭秘:這個(gè)句子是一個(gè)由形式主語(yǔ)it引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句,其中難點(diǎn)為需要識(shí)別出主語(yǔ)從句中的動(dòng)詞suits.
譯文賞析:構(gòu)思物體和找出數(shù)字模型的能力是如何讓一個(gè)人去回答那些連最好的詩(shī)人和哲學(xué)家都回避的問(wèn)題的,這點(diǎn)我們還不是很清楚。
?3.Anyone who has toiled through SAT will testify that test-taking skill also matters, whether it’s knowing when to guess or what questions to skip.
【詞匯突破】Toil through (辛苦的經(jīng)歷)
名詞:Winston Churchill: "Blood, Toil, Tears and Sweat”(丘吉爾演講)
sweat and toil (汗水和辛苦)
He succeeded after years of toil. (他經(jīng)歷數(shù)年的辛勞之后成功了)
SAT 美國(guó)高考 全稱(chēng)為scholastic assessment test 學(xué)術(shù)性評(píng)估測(cè)試
testify 證實(shí)
matter 這里是動(dòng)詞,重要;sth matters 事情很重要;
【主干識(shí)別】anyone 為句子的主語(yǔ),will testify 為句子謂語(yǔ),that引導(dǎo)一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句;
【其他成分】that 引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句中test-taking skill 為主語(yǔ),matters 做謂語(yǔ),whether 引導(dǎo)一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句
【譯文賞析】任何一個(gè)曾經(jīng)辛苦的經(jīng)歷過(guò)SAT考試的人都會(huì)證實(shí)考試的技巧也很重要,無(wú)論這種技巧是知道什么時(shí)候去猜還是知道什么問(wèn)題應(yīng)該跳過(guò)。
【造句】Anyone who has achieved the success to any extent will testify that cooperation matters, whether it’s individual’s willingness to cooperate or team work spirit of a group.
?4. During the past generation, the American middle-class family that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure has been transformed by economic risk and new realities.
【詞匯突破】count on 依靠;
fair play 公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)
【主干識(shí)別】the American middle-class family has been transformed主干是主謂結(jié)構(gòu)被動(dòng)態(tài);
【其他成分】that once could count on hard work and fair play to keep itself financially secure 定語(yǔ)從句修飾middle-class family ;During the past generation和by economic risk and new realities 做狀語(yǔ);
【微觀解析】the American middle-class family 為句子主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)是has been transformed;During the past generation和by economic risk and new realities 為狀語(yǔ);that 引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,that在從句中做主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)為 could count on, 賓語(yǔ)為hard work and fair play;to keep itself financially secure為狀語(yǔ)。
【難點(diǎn)揭秘】主語(yǔ)后接了較長(zhǎng)的修飾成份使這個(gè)句子在閱讀時(shí)主干不容易把握。造成理解的困難。
【譯文賞析】在過(guò)去的20多年時(shí)間里,那些曾經(jīng)依靠辛勤工作和公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)就可以保證自己財(cái)政收支安全的美國(guó)中產(chǎn)階級(jí)家庭已經(jīng)被經(jīng)濟(jì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和新的現(xiàn)實(shí)所改變。(定語(yǔ)從句前置的翻譯方法來(lái)處理這個(gè)句子)
?5.On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted--suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.
【詞匯突破】agony 痛苦
despair 絕望
prolong 延長(zhǎng)
【主干識(shí)別】many acknowledge that +賓語(yǔ)從句 (many 作為代詞表示很多人,或者很多個(gè)體)
【其他成分】On another level 做狀語(yǔ)和in the medical community做定語(yǔ);the assisted--suicide debate has been fueled by the despair of patients為賓語(yǔ)從句主干;
特別提示:fuel本來(lái)意思是燃料,但是這里可以理解為由于,因?yàn)?,加劇的意思?br />
為了以后閱讀理解更透徹,可以直接把結(jié)構(gòu)
A is fueled by B 理解為:
A是結(jié)果;B是原因
例句:
China's success is fueled by the age of globlization.
【微觀解析】in part賓語(yǔ)從句中的狀語(yǔ),for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying.定語(yǔ)從句修飾patients; 定語(yǔ)從句還原為一個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子就是:Modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying for them. 這個(gè)句子中的them 和前面句子中的patients 為相同名詞,因此在這里作者將其寫(xiě)成了一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句,但是在翻譯的時(shí)候是要分譯的。
這句話在定語(yǔ)從句的前世和今生:
suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients.
The modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying for them.
(兩個(gè)句子中出現(xiàn)了共有的名詞patients 和 them,于是them 被換成了whom ;for whom 一并提前。)
【難點(diǎn)揭秘】同樣是隔離結(jié)構(gòu)在閱讀的過(guò)程中給我們帶來(lái)不舒服的感覺(jué),in part 放到了 fueled 和 by 之間,in the medical community放到了many和acknowledge之間。
【譯文賞析】在另一個(gè)層面上,很多醫(yī)療界的人士承認(rèn),關(guān)于醫(yī)生幫助下的自殺的討論,部分是因?yàn)椴∪说慕^望情緒,對(duì)病人來(lái)說(shuō),現(xiàn)代醫(yī)學(xué)已經(jīng)延長(zhǎng)了死亡的生理的痛苦。
【寫(xiě)作】On another level,many in the educational establishment acknowledge that the debate on the ranking of universities ?has been fueled in part by the despair of graduates for whom the discrimination brought by the ranking of university has put more obstacles on their job hunting way.
?6.The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United kingdom.
【詞匯突破】
illustrate 例證;
in terms of 根據(jù),以…為依據(jù);
【主干識(shí)別】The trend was most obvious and can be illustrated. 主系表結(jié)構(gòu)兩個(gè)并列的動(dòng)詞
【其他成分】naturally ,in those areas of science , in terms of the development of geology in the United kingdom為狀語(yǔ)。
【微觀解析】based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training修飾狀語(yǔ)中的名詞science做定語(yǔ)。
【難點(diǎn)揭秘】naturally 和 especially 副詞做狀語(yǔ)放的位置都不是在開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾,而是放在了中間部分,這樣給我們閱讀帶來(lái)一定的困擾,但是難點(diǎn)既亮點(diǎn),我們?cè)趯?xiě)作的過(guò)程中就可以靈活的運(yùn)用:based especially on這樣的表達(dá)了。
【譯文賞析】很自然,這種趨勢(shì)會(huì)在尤以數(shù)學(xué)或?qū)嶒?yàn)室訓(xùn)練為基礎(chǔ)的自然學(xué)科領(lǐng)域中表現(xiàn)的最為明顯,并且可以用英國(guó)地質(zhì)學(xué)的發(fā)展作為例證來(lái)說(shuō)明。
【翻譯點(diǎn)撥】把副詞放到開(kāi)頭來(lái)翻譯,正是體現(xiàn)了前面所講到的副詞很多時(shí)候就是在修飾整個(gè)句子。
?7.The report identifies the under treatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures” that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying as the twin problems of end--of--life care.
【詞匯突破】 under treatment 治療不足
aggressive 1.侵略的,侵犯的 2.好斗的,挑釁的 3.有進(jìn)取精神的;有干勁的 4.大膽的
dishonor 使丟臉,使受恥辱
medical procedures 醫(yī)療手段
【主干識(shí)別】The report identifies…and…as the twin problems of end--of--life care 主謂賓賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu);the under treatment of pain和 the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures” that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying 為并列的賓語(yǔ)成分。
【微觀解析】that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying為定語(yǔ)從句修飾ineffectual and forced medical procedures,定語(yǔ)從句中有兩個(gè)并列的動(dòng)詞prolong and dishonor做謂語(yǔ)。
【難點(diǎn)揭秘】這個(gè)句子的困難之處就在于并列賓語(yǔ)的后半部分加上了一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句進(jìn)而使identify 和as 之間的距離拉大,產(chǎn)生了閱讀障礙。
【譯文賞析】報(bào)告把對(duì)疼痛處理不夠和大膽使用可能延長(zhǎng)死亡期甚至讓病人死的不體面的無(wú)效的和強(qiáng)制的醫(yī)療手段確定為臨終關(guān)懷的兩個(gè)問(wèn)題。
報(bào)告確定了臨終關(guān)懷的兩個(gè)問(wèn)題,一是對(duì)疼痛處理不夠,二是大膽的使用可能延長(zhǎng)死亡期甚至讓病人死的不體面的那些無(wú)效和強(qiáng)制的醫(yī)療手段。
【翻譯點(diǎn)撥】這個(gè)句子的翻譯主要考察對(duì)于詞的理解: dishonor the period of dying 直接翻譯就是:使死亡的階段受到恥辱??梢赞D(zhuǎn)譯為:讓病人死的不體面。中文是習(xí)慣是以人為主體的。還有就是medical procedures 表示醫(yī)療手段而不要翻譯成醫(yī)療過(guò)程。
?8. The notion that learning should have in it an element of inspired play would seem to the greater part of the academic establishment merely silly, but that is nonetheless the case.
【詞匯突破】
inspired 有激發(fā)性的
establishment 機(jī)構(gòu),建立
nonetheless 但是
case 事實(shí),實(shí)情
【主干識(shí)別】The notion would seem merely silly. 主系表結(jié)構(gòu)
【其他成分】that learning should have in it an element of inspired play 同位語(yǔ)從句修飾notion;主干為that learning should have an element of inspired play,是主謂結(jié)構(gòu);in it 為狀語(yǔ)。to the greater part of the academic establishment狀語(yǔ)。
【難點(diǎn)揭秘】這個(gè)句子的難點(diǎn)就是在主干中加入了狀語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)從句使句子結(jié)構(gòu)變得復(fù)雜。很多同學(xué)會(huì)對(duì)but 和 nonetheless 連用感到困惑。兩個(gè)句子之間是需要連詞連接的,but是連詞,起連接兩個(gè)句子的作用。
但是兩個(gè)句子之間的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系并不是像but所表達(dá)的那樣強(qiáng)烈,前后兩句之間為“部分肯定”的轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,因此使用nonetheless 轉(zhuǎn)折副詞,表明轉(zhuǎn)折的意味并不強(qiáng)烈。這里的but也可以換為and。
【譯文賞析】大多數(shù)的學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)認(rèn)為在學(xué)習(xí)中加入有啟發(fā)性玩耍的理念是非常愚蠢的,但是這樣的事情確實(shí)常常發(fā)生的。
【翻譯點(diǎn)撥】把狀語(yǔ)翻譯為中文中的主謂結(jié)構(gòu),我們也可以翻譯為:“對(duì)于大多數(shù)的學(xué)術(shù)機(jī)構(gòu)而言”,但是翻譯為中文的主謂結(jié)構(gòu)更簡(jiǎn)潔,that is the case 如果翻譯為這就是事實(shí),沒(méi)有能表達(dá)出準(zhǔn)確的句意。就正如邁克爾杰克遜的紀(jì)念電影this is it 我們翻譯為:就是這樣。
?9. An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students" career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical education reform.
【詞匯突破】argue for 支持
argue against 反對(duì)
on the behalf of = on behalf of 代表
career prospects 就業(yè)前景
radical 徹底的,根本的,激進(jìn)的
【主干識(shí)別】An invisible border divides those and those. 主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)
【其他成分】arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects 和arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical education reform 現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)分別修飾兩個(gè)those 作后置定語(yǔ)。
【微觀解析】arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects相當(dāng)于who argue for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students’ career prospects
【難點(diǎn)揭秘】divide those …and those…在兩個(gè)those后面加上了很長(zhǎng)的修飾成分造成了結(jié)構(gòu)識(shí)別的困難。
【譯文賞析】一條無(wú)形的界限將支持計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)課堂的人分為兩類(lèi):一類(lèi)人是從學(xué)生的職業(yè)前景從發(fā)思考的,另一類(lèi)人想的是像教育的徹底改革這樣的一些更廣泛的理由。
【翻譯點(diǎn)撥】在翻譯的過(guò)程中,我們把a(bǔ)rguing for computers in the classroom放到了those 前作漢語(yǔ)中的前置定語(yǔ)再把過(guò)長(zhǎng)的定語(yǔ)部分單獨(dú)成句,這樣更符合中文的表達(dá)習(xí)慣。
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